The History of Domestication for Broomcorn Millet

Broomcorn or broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), also known as proso millet, panic millet, and wild millet, is today primarily considered a weed suitable for birdseed. But it contains more protein than most other grains, is high in minerals and easily digested, and has a pleasant nutty taste. Millet can be ground up into flour for bread or used as a grain in recipes as a replacement for buckwheat, quinoa or rice. Broomcorn History Broomcorn was a seed grain used by hunter-gatherers in China at least as long ago as 10,000 years. It was first domesticated in China, probably in the Yellow River valley, about 8000 BP, and spread outward from there into Asia, Europe, and Africa. Although the ancestral form of the plant has not been identified, a weedy form native to the region called P. m. subspecies ruderale) is still found throughout Eurasia. Broomcorn domestication is believed to have taken place about 8000 BP. Stable isotope studies of human remains at sites such as Jiahu, Banpo, Xinglongwa, Dadiwan, and Xiaojingshan suggest that while millet agriculture was present ca 8000 BP, it did not become a dominant crop until about a thousand years later, during the Middle Neolithic (Yangshao). Evidence for Broomcorn Broomcorn remains which suggests a highly developed millet-based agriculture have been found at several sites associated with Middle Neolithic (7500-5000 BP) cultures including the Peiligang culture in Henan province, the Dadiwan culture of Gansu province and the Xinle culture in Liaoning province. The Cishan site, in particular, had more than 80 storage pits filled with millet husk ashes, totaling an estimated 50 tons of millet. Stone tools associated with millet agriculture include tongue-shaped stone shovels, chisel-edged sickles and stone grinders. A stone millstone and grinder were recovered from the early Neolithic Nanzhuangtou site dated to 9000 BP. By 5000 BC, broomcorn millet was flourishing west of the Black Sea, where there are at least 20 published sites with archaeological evidence for the crop, such as the Gomolava site in the Balkans. The earliest evidence in central Eurasia is from the site of Begash in Kazakhstan, where direct-dated millet seeds date to ca 2200 cal BC. Recent Archaeology Studies of Broomcorn Recent studies comparing the differences of grains a broomcorn millet from archaeological sites often vary a great deal, making them difficult to identify in some contexts. Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute and colleagues reported in 2012 that millet seeds are smaller in response to environmental factors, but relative size also can reflect the immaturity of the grain. depending on charring temperature, immature grains can be preserved, and such size variation should not rule out identification as broomcorn. Broomcorn millet seeds were recently found at the central Eurasian site of Begash, Kazakhstan, and Spengler et al. (2014) argue that this represents evidence for the transmission of broomcorn outside of China and into the broader world. See also Lightfoot, Liu, and Jones for an interesting article on the isotopic evidence for millet across Eurasia. Sources and Further Information Bettinger RL, Barton L, and Morgan C. 2010. The origins of food production in north China: A different kind of agricultural revolution. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 19(1):9-21.Bumgarner, Marlene Anne. 1997. Millet. Pp. 179-192 in The New Book of Whole Grains. Macmillan, New York.Frachetti MD, Spengler RN, Fritz GJ, and Maryashev AN. 2010. Earliest direct evidence for broomcorn millet and wheat in the central Eurasian steppe region. Antiquity 84(326):993–1010.Hu, Yaowu, et al. 2008 Stable isotope analysis of humans from Xiaojingshan site: implications for understanding the origin of millet agriculture in China. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(11):2960-2965.Jacob J, Disnar J-R, Arnaud F, Chapron E, Debret M, Lallier-Vergà ¨s E, Desmet M, and Revel-Rolland M. 2008. Millet cultivation history in the French Alps as evidenced by a sedimentary molecule. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(3):814-820.Jones, Martin K. and Xinli Liu 2009 Origins of Agricul ture in East Asia. Science 324:730-731.Lightfoot E, Liu X, and Jones MK. 2013. Why move starchy cereals? A review of the isotopic evidence for prehistoric millet consumption across Eurasia. World Archaeology 45(4):574-623. doi: 10.1080/00438243.2013.852070Lu, Tracey L.-D. 2007 Mid-Holocene climate and cultural dynamics in eastern Central China. Pp. 297-329 in Climate Change and Cultural Dynamics: A Global Perspective on Mid-Holocene Transitions, edited by D. G. Anderson, K.A. Maasch and D.H. Sandweiss. Elsevier: London.Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute G, Hunt H, and Jones M. 2012. Experimental approaches to understanding variation in grain size in Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet) and its relevance for interpreting archaeobotanical assemblages. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 21(1):69-77.Pearsall, Deborah M.2008 Plant domestication. Pp. 1822-1842 In Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Edited by D. M. Pearsall. Elsevier, Inc., London.Song J, Zhao Z, and Fuller DQ. 2013. The archaeobotanical significance of immature millet grains: an experimental case study of Chinese millet crop processing. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22(2):141-152.Spengler III RN, Frachetti M, Doumani P, Rouse L, Cerasetti B, Bullion E, and Maryashev A. 2014. Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of Central Eurasia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281(1783). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3382USDA. Panicum millaceum (broomcorn millet) Accessed 05/08/2009.Yan, Wenming. 2004. The Cradle of Eastern Civilization. pp 49-75 In Yang, Xiaoneng. 2004. Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: New Perspectives on Chinas Past (vol 1). Yale University Press, New Haven

A Comparison of the Masks In Cold Blood, Streetcar Named...

Peeking Behind the Masks In Cold Blood, Streetcar Named Desire, and Fences In life, we all attempt to project some kind of personality to others. We have a mask we wear in different situations, but when times get tough, we eventually discard our masks and become our true selves. We dont live behind our masks until the tragic end, like the characters of In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams, and Fences by August Wilson. The three characters, Perry Smith, Blanche DuBois, and Troy Maxson wore masks to their bitter endings, always trying to fool everyone else. When times got tough, they had to face themselves, and they could not stand the sight. The characters of Blanche†¦show more content†¦Harris states that DuBois masks her life. She doesnt want to face what she really is. The worst horror for her in her mind is for anyone else to see her true self. The audience does see it almost right away, and they know from the first representation of DuBois that they are in for something else. Williams sets up DuBois scenes so the audience can quickly ascertain her true personality. The audience is, however, aware that baths and light bulbs have a meaning for Blanche apart from their functional existence (Corrigan 575). Mary Ann Corrigan writes that DuBois is far from perfect, and the audience can see just that in her drinking of alcohol and her slight comments towards her sister and brother-in-law (575). Yet, the whole time she is hiding behind her mask, she tells everyone she only has a drink once in a while, and she needs her baths to relax. The audience cannot mistake that Dubois does know who she really is, and what her situation holds for her. For this reason, she chooses to hide behind her mask of a southern belle, with her old dresses, rituals, and paper shaded light bulbs (Vogel 505). Dan Vogel states in his book The Three Masks of American Tragedy, She is beyond the capability of even attempting to control and manipulate the world about her. Obviously she recognizes truth, and the truth is that her life is compoundedShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesprogram has a project manager. The major differences lie in scale and time span. Program management is the process of managing a group of ongoing, interdependent, related projects in a coordinated way to achieve strategic objectives. For TABLE 1.1 Comparison of Routine Work with Projects Routine, Repetitive Work Taking class notes Daily entering sales receipts into the accounting ledger Responding to a supply-chain request Practicing scales on the piano Routine manufacture of an Apple iPod Projects

It s The Community College Life For Me - 949 Words

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Summary Of George Orwell s Orwell - 1579 Words

Part II Reading Journal, ch 9-19 1984, George Orwell Plot Summaries: Chapter Nine: Throughout this chapter, Winston begins to explore his feelings regarding the girl that has been following him in previous chapters. He originally thought that she was a member of the Thought Police and he thought she would attempt to execute him for his crimes, until she passed him a note that read, â€Å"I Love You,† which startled Winston, because he knew the risks associated with love. This chapter went on to further explain his hesitations with love, and his attempts to contact this girl, that turned out to be the girl from his dream. In the future, this chapter could provide the basis for the plot of the rest of the book, show Winston’s actual purpose for life, or foreshadow the reason for his death. Chapter Ten: Winston’s feelings for Julia, the girl, progress throughout this chapter, as he sneaks out of Oceania to be with her. Once they are in the country together, they spend the day hiding in a valley away from hidden mics, and â€Å"get to know each other† better. This chapter shows Winston’s true emotions, and can foreshadow the let down he may feel if it does not work out with Julia in the end. Chapter Eleven: Winston’s relationship with Julia furthers, as he learns more about the inner workings of the Party from her. As an avid member, she knows a lot of the inner secrets, and dysfunctions that are held within the Party walls, that although Winston is a member of, he is not an activeShow MoreRelatedSummary Of George Orwell s Brave New World 1537 Words   |  7 PagesRachel Malloy 28 November 2014 APE 3 Complete Government Exploitation of Love The novels, 1984 by George Orwell and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley both showcases how the futuristic totalitarian governments take complete control of their societies. In 1984, the government does it by putting fear of Big Brother and the party into the people. 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Louisa May Alcott Essay Research Paper Malyssa free essay sample

Louisa May Alcott Essay, Research Paper Malyssa Williamson 4/27/00 Louisa May Alcott Louisa May Alcott was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania, the girl of Amos Bronson Alcott, an pedagogue and philosopher, and Abigail May, the energetic, altruist. Louisa grew up in Concord and Boston, enduring from poorness as a consequence of her selfish dreamer male parent # 8217 ; s inability to back up his household. Bronson Alcott habitually sacrificed his married woman and girls by declining to compromise with a corruptible universe, most conspicuously when he subjected them to an experiment in ascetic communal life at Fruitlands farm in 1843. However, the Alcotts # 8217 ; rational environment was rich and stimulating: Louisa # 8217 ; s parents assidously encouraged her authorship, and her friends included leaders in abolishment and adult females # 8217 ; s rights, including the Transcendental philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau. Louisa took nature walks with Thoreau and had the tally of Emerson # 8217 ; s library. By the clip she had reached her teens, she felt a duty to assist her female parent and older sister provide for the household. She taught, sewed, worked as a domestic and a comrade, and wrote fairy narratives and romantic thrillers. When the Civil War broke out, she was eager to take part, animated by her disfavor of female passiveness every bit good as her hate of bondage. She enlisted as a nurse autonomic nervous systems served for three hebdomads in an army infirmary in Washington, D.C. , until she contracted typhoid febrility. She was treated with quicksilver, which for good undermined her wellness. The experience did, nevertheless, provide stuff for her Hospital Sketches, which vividly combines heartbreaking poignancy in decease of a gental, stoical blacksmith, outrage at male official unfeelingness and misdirection, and humourous self-portrayal as the warmhearted, hot- tempered, earthy Nurse Tribulation Periwinkle. In that twelvemonth, she proudly recorded in her diary, she earned about $ 600 # 8220 ; by my composing entirely, # 8221 ; of which she # 8220 ; spent less than a 100 # 8221 ; for herse lf. From so on, she provided the major fiscal support for her household, while staying obligated to assist them with the heavy housekeeping and nurse them when ill. She neer married. Subsequently on, a publishing house approached Louisa to make a miss # 8217 ; book, she accepted the offer merely because she needed the money. The consequence was Small Women, one of the best sellers of all clip. Within four old ages it had sold 82,000 transcripts. The Marches are an idealised re-creation of her ain household, with Bronson kept discreetly offstage: Abba May appears as warm, capable Marmee, who keeps the household together ; Louisa as the choleric author Jo, and her sisters as well-conducted Meg, saintly Beth, and selfish Amy. Through fresh and honest obsevation, Alcott re-creates female adolescent experience that we recognize as reliable even today and makes it interesting and important. She sucessfully turns into escapades such ordinary events as playing, humiliations at school, indolence about making minor housekeeping, and wretchedness ensuing from a instead level olfactory organ or tasteless apparels. She exposes the annoyances of household life, as when Jo # 8217 ; s pretentiously boylike manners clash with Amy # 8217 ; s affected elegance, but she affirms its joys and solaces, as the Marches faithfully back up each other under reverses from the outside universe and do # 8220 ; a jubilee of every small family joy. # 8221 ; The misss # 8217 ; moral battles to get the better of little selfish yearnings and to accommodate self-fulfillment with responsibility to others are made important without being inflated. The struggle is most acute for Jo, who must command her passionate pique to suit Marmee # 8217 ; s ideal of self-repression and subdue her masculine gustatory sensations, endowments, and aspirations to suit society # 8217 ; s restrictive construct of feminine properness. Jo # 8217 ; s job is dramatized uproariously in # 8220 ; Calls, # 8221 ; where Amy manipulates her into doing the formal calls that were required of ninteenth-century ladies and in vain efforts to render her decently innocuous, while we sympathize with Jo # 8217 ; s rational rebellion against a nonmeaningful societal ritual, we besides understand Amy # 8217 ; s aggravation at her provoking perversity and deplore Jo # 8217 ; s self-indulgent deficiency of good sense when she throws off her lone opportunity to travel to Europe by gratuitously antagonising her aunts. As a sympathetic heroine who protests against the force per unit area on misss to be be tactful, pleasing, and confirmist, to care for frock and long for matrimony as the apogee of their lives, Jo was and is an exhilirating theoretical account to female striplings. And, although the book makes clear that Jo must larn to control her urges, it endorses her protest against cut downing adult females to a narrow sexual-domestic function. The March misss prosecute their artistic involvements, battle to protect their mistakes, enjoy their company. Alcott pointedly refused to allow Jo’s friendship with Laurie develop into a conventional love affair. Most of Alcott # 8217 ; s later books capitalized on the success of Small Womans: they are narratives about and for immature people, following their development toward adulthood and contrasting good, enlightened ways of kid rise uping with worldly, unnecessarily restrictive, insufficiently moral 1s. Small Work force continues the narrative of the March household. In Small Men, Jo and her hubby preside over Plumfield, a politically perfect topographic point, inspired by Bronson Alcott # 8217 ; s progressive Temple School. Jo, still a Nonconformist, has become a charitable materfamilias, a broader-minded version of Marmee. Although invariably enlivened by wit and cognition of immature people, these books become less interesting as Alcott goes farther from the authencity of her ain experience and progressively subordinates realistic portraiture to moral instruction. Alcott herself felt the bottlenecks of composing the proper juvenile fiction her public demanded: near the terminal of her life, she made her alter self-importance Jo describes herself as # 8220 ; a lit erary nursery-maid # 8221 ; and acknowledged a enticement to reason the history of the March household # 8220 ; with an temblor which should steep Plumfield. # 8221 ; Once the cause of abolishment had been won, Alcott zealously campaigned for wmen # 8217 ; s rights. After 1870 she on a regular basis contributed to the womens rightist Woman # 8217 ; s Journal and signed her letters # 8220 ; Yours for Reform. # 8221 ; She and her female parent both signed a adult female right to vote request on the juncture of the national centenary in 1875, and she smartly urged the adult females of Concord to utilize their new chance when they got the right to vote in school commission elections. Even in her juvenile fiction, from Small Women on, she invariably preached the right of misss to develop their endowments and pursue callings outside of matrimony. Jo admits Naught Nan to her male childs # 8217 ; school, and in Jo # 8217 ; s Boys Nan becomes a all right doctor, every bit good as an fervent suffragist, and resolutely resists matrimony. Alcott repeatedly portrayed groups of contentedly self-sufficing adult females, such as the immature companions in A n Antique Girl. Throughout her calling, Alcott struggled to accommodate her Transcendentialist strong belief that persons must believe independently and be true to themselves with the morality of entry, self-denial, and selflessness in which her parents trained her, a morality that was enjoined peculiarly on adult females. She sometimes evaded the struggle by prophesying the supreme value of womanly, particularly maternal, love, in conformity with the modern-day cult of true muliebrity. She tried to decide it by claiming that independency was compatible with traditional womanlike, that a adult female can happily split her energies among ballot box, # 8220 ; needle, pen, pallet and broom, # 8221 ; and even by take a firm standing that self-denial deepens and authenticates artistic accomplishment. However, her assertations are less persuasive than her characters who rebel against conventionally defined female goodness. Alcott, nevertheless, did non allow her resentment surface in behaviour: she inva riably sacrificed her personal comfort and the artistic quality of her plants to the demands of her household. She # 8220 ; plunged into a whirl # 8221 ; to compose Work but had to halt to nurse her sister Anna through pneumonia ; when she finished the book, it was # 8220 ; Not what it should be, -too many breaks. Should wish to make one book in peace, and see if it wouldn # 8217 ; t be good. # 8221 ; When her male parent was deceasing, she on a regular basis dragged herself out to see him, although really sick herself ; two yearss after his decease, free at last of household duties, she died in Boston. Alcott will ever be remembered for Little Women, the authoritative American narrative of misss turning up. In her ain clip, it established her repute as a purveyor of perceptive and sympathetic, but ever morally uplifting, literature for immature people. The insurgent, feminist component in her books has merely late been clearly recognized. We now see non so much # 8220 ; the Children # 8217 ; s Friend # 8221 ; as a deeply conflicted adult female whose work amply expresses the tensenesss of female lives in nineteenth-century America.

Importance of Preventing Pressure Injuries in Older Adults

Question: Discuss about the Report forImportance of Preventing Pressure Injuries in Older Adults. Answer: Introduction: Older adult patients are at high risk for development of pressure injuries because of the increased use of devices, hemodynamic instability due to medical conditions, insufficient intake of nutrients and liquids, and the use of vasoactive medications. Pressure injuries are still a common issue in all health care settings. They remain predominant and levy a significant liability on financial and labour assets in the healthcare industry (Doley 2010). The author chose this question as the work undertaken in his field of nursing, i.e., occupational health, is related to this. The author feels that this knowledge will improve the quality of health care by decreasing the cost associated with pressure injury treatments in his field of nursing and also the greater profession. Australian hospitals and health care settings spend approximate 350 million per year to prevent and treat pressure injuries. With the amount it costs for treatment, the author feels that it would be beneficial to research methods to lower the total cost on health care system. (FOnursing, page 1009). Along with the cost of treating pressure injuries, the author also wants to draw attention towards the pain and development of serious infection that can be caused by pressure injuries (Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2015). Moreover, the health related quality of life of elderly patients is affected physically, socially, psychologically (Gorecki et al, 2009). It affects the healthcare professionalclient relationships, need for versus effect of interventions, impact on others, perceived etiology, and need for knowledge. Pressure injuries in elderly persons have also been related to the amplified mortality rates. Since pressure injuries are now reflected as an indicator of the quality of care provided, inability to avoid or rectify them may lead to litigation. Another major concern the author feels that need to be raised with pressure injuries is the prevention of pressure injuries. (FOnursing, page 1010). Development of clinical practices and guidelines to prevent hospital acquired pressure injuries should be based on most effective evidence based methods. Continued education of clinical practices and guidelines is necessary. Nurses must be educated to intervene positively in the process in order to prevent and treat pressure injuries. Research related to pressure injuries may lead to positive outcomes in pressure injury prevention and reduce the extra financial and labour burden on our health care system. References Doley, J., 2010. Nutrition Management of Pressure Ulcers. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 25(1), pp.5060. Gorecki, C. et al., 2009. Impact of Pressure Ulcers on Quality of Life in Older Patients: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(7), pp.11751183.

Coffee Wars In India Case MGT free essay sample

Struck offered customs r service that CDC trudged with and offered a new and exciting brand to younger customers. H forever, the 50% higher prices at Struck was a turnoff to younger customers who were very loyal the the CDC brand. The strategic issue of this case is how Cafe Coffee Day should manage its business strategy in order to compete with Struck entering the Indian coffee market Strategic Analysis Porters five forces of industry competition serve as an excellent tool for exam inning the industrialized competitive environment for CDC.Threat of new entrants is real vilely high as they have been faced by Struck, Costa, Lava, and more. They are however the market leaders in India and one of the largest exporters of coffee in the country. Lead ins to the rivalry among competitors in the industry which is medium, contingent to the .NET range of Struck. CDC currently has 40% of the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Coffee Wars In India Case MGT or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The bargaining power of sup pliers is low, as CDC produces its own coffee and therefore does not face any issue.

Like a Father free essay sample

The Saturday night air blows through the field, the cold breeze just grazing across my face. Chills jolt down my spine, raising the hair on my arms as the crowd continues to cheer. A voice is heard over the loud speaker, Drum major, is your band ready? signaling our cue to salute. The salute is crisp, clean, like a well oiled machine. I climb the podium ladder, each step feeling miles apart. This is the time. The next 8 minutes of my life will represent everything; 7 years, countless hours of practice, and the success of 250 others riding under my wing. I make eye contact with my director. He looks on confidently, yet with great understanding. He knows Im ready, he believes in me. Before I know it, were off. 56. 5 6 7 8. Ive never really been a head strong kind of kid. For as long as I remember, its been play now, work later. We will write a custom essay sample on Like a Father or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Life was a treat. Coasting through school classes on c average grades seemed to be the norm by the time I hit high school. By then, I was your typical ready-to-drop-out freshman, who was, well, ready to drop out. The only things keeping me were friends, parents, and the law. Along with the bare minimum classes on my schedule, I had elected to take band, mainly because I expected it to be an easy, blow-off class. But what I didnt know about the Westlake high school band was that it was notorious for being one of the best marching bands in the state of Texas. It was understood that in order achieve that reputation, long arduous work had to be put in from every member of the band. Understandably, I was terrified. I had coasted through school on the basis that the work I did didnt affect anyone other than me. Knowing that band was a cohesive unit, and that each member contributed to the overall success of the organization, I was going to have to change. Despite my determination to avoid the personal conversations with the directors concerning my lack of initiative to fight for the team, it proved itself unavoidable. The fruitless talks and deteriorating class grades didnt do the trick. I continued to trudge on, and on, and on, through the eternity that was two years of high school marching band. Though frowned upon, my inherent laziness worked, at least before. The upper class-men who had carried us through victory after victory for the past two years were now gone, and I suddenly found myself straining under the weight of all the high expectations. Despite the immense pressure, it wasnt enough to break the deeply embedded laziness that I had come to know and hate. To me, it wasnt worth fighting for. There was no reason in my mind that would justify my going above and beyond what was needed. I needed something more. I needed something that I couldnt find within myself. It was a Thursday morning. The frigid November air felt almost as dull as the morning marching routine that we somehow managed to call a rehearsal. We had just returned to the band hall where the melancholy atmosphere was finally beginning to lift as frozen fingers were melting back to life. Mr. Taylor stepped out of his office, pointed his arm in my direction, and drew me into his office with a stern curling of his index finger, the kind of motion that says you, here, now. Having never been in his office without leaving on the verge of tears, I began mentally preparing myself for the worst. The conversation began the same way as always. Though there was a different feel to it all. A sense of desperation began to appear in his voice, something Ive never heard before. He lectured me on the situation at hand before telling me exactly what I needed to hear. He told me that I will never know the true extent of my influence. He said I could be the difference between the well known and we ll hated 11th place finish at Bands of America, and a long desired first place title. I had the power to change lives, and he knew it. I walked out of that office not with tears, but with desire; desire to be what no one expected me to be. I wanted to be the change that the band needed, so that I could leave high school knowing that I not only changed those around me, but that I changed myself. We ended my junior year with our worst result yet. There was an irreparable gloom hanging over the band after receiving our 26th place result at BOA far worse than the 11th place that was previously considered unacceptable. The pain and frustration I felt was superseded only by the emptiness felt by the senior class. They had to face the fact that all the hard work they put into band culminated into embarrassment and disappointment. That would not be my fate. My legacy wasnt going to be 26th place. My legacy would be here, now, on this Saturday night. It would be all those years of hard work flashing before the eyes of the 250 others riding under my wing while the results are being announced. It would be 7 years of dedication paying off in the last eight minutes. It would be doing what no one thought I could do. My legacy would be my director knowing he made the right choice as I step down from the podium at UIL State Finals.

A critical examination of the antecedents and efficacy of Social Services interventions for West African ‘looked after’ children in South London. The WritePass Journal

A critical examination of the antecedents and efficacy of Social Services interventions for West African ‘looked after’ children in South London. Rationale behind the Study A critical examination of the antecedents and efficacy of Social Services interventions for West African ‘looked after’ children in South London. Rationale behind the StudyGuiding Research QuestionsBenefits of the ResearchMethods and ProceduresReferencesRelated Rationale behind the Study The proposed research will investigate Social Service interventions for looked after West African children in South London. I work in an ethically diverse comprehensive school in London, and have witnessed an increase in minority ethnic looked after children in recent years. One challenging task for Social Services is to provide interventions for such children. This study aims to investigate the effect of Social Services interventions on West African looked after children, and provide suggestions why such children may be taken in to care by drawing on existing models of parenting. Furthermore,   supplemented by a review of relevant published literature, it will suggest a number of factors which may account for any disproportionality in terms of gender. The final element of the research will take a critical look at how the school environment supports looked after children. Insignificant data are available on the experiences of immigrants and ethnic minorities in post-war Europe, which is referred to as a †puzzling and disturbing silence† (Myers, 2009:). Bryan (2009) exclaimed that whilst immigration has contributed to economic, social, and political changes, there is an enormous paucity of published research on the topic. The sparse literature that is available is limited to descriptive accounts of policies designed to increase integration (Myers, 2009). In the UK, such lack of research hinders our understanding of the relative importance of education for immigrants and their children. Little is known about how well immigrants and their children settle in to their new environment, let alone how effectively education meets their needs. It has been noted that the changes in policy are based on empirical evidence, and as a result, the resultant policy does not addressing the most important issue; the promotion of multi-culturalism. Sociologist Paul Gilroy commented on an urgent need to â€Å"step boldly back into the past, discover the boundaries of the postcolonial present, and enlist Europe’s largely untapped heterological and imperial histories in the urgent service of its Contemporary multicultural and its future pluralism† (Gilroy, quoted in Myers, 2009: 15). Furthermore, because of the limited research on the issues surrounding immigration, ethnic minority communities have been conceived as a social problem, to be solved via policies with the aim of integration (Myers, 2009). Bryan (2009) suggests such well intentioned but poorly conceived policies may actually perpetuate inequality. In this context, it is clear that policies and interventions must be based on a clear understanding of those they purport to support, and it is this rationale that underpins this study. Barn (2006) noted that the capacity of social workers to deliver appropriate, ethnically sensitive services which take adequate account of the circumstances of minority ethnic individuals and families remains a crucial challenge. When considering interventions delivered to West African looked after children by Social Services in the UK, the following should be considered; what are the reasons behind West African children becoming ‘looked after’ and are the interventions designed to support them effective? Guiding Research Questions    Research question 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are the reasons a disproportionate number of children from West Africa are becoming looked after by Social Services in the UK? Research question 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With reference to existing models of parents, what is happening in the African communities that may contribute to this?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are any variations by gender evident, and if so, what might the reasons behind them? Research question 3 What are the effects of the interventions on the welfare of the looked after children from West Africa? Research question 4 Are such interventions moderated by the school environment? Benefits of the Research This research may be useful to a number of different stakeholders in education. From the literature review, the need for culturally sensitive research into social service interventions in school is evident. In the field of education, there has been a call for culturally sensitive interventions to help the school (senior leadership team, child protection officers, form tutors, mentors and teachers) better understand the needs of black children from West Africa and support them accordingly. Copies of the research may be used by the local council/government as a case study for further research into services provided and an opportunity to evaluate current practice and develop strategies to provide better services. The research may enable all stakeholders (social services, schools, government, and local services) to understand parents of West African origin, especially with regard to cultural beliefs, and develop strategies to work together with parents amicably on how to educate children . Finally, this research can give the government, social services, parents, and students an increased awareness of good practice and failings in the system Methods and Procedures My research is a small-scale study, focusing on looked after children from West Africa in Conisborough College. Conisborough College is a comprehensive school with a highly diverse intake. It is representative of the ethnic mix of the Lewisham borough, with a high intake of black pupils of West African origin. The sampling method chosen, which I believe is best suited for my small-scale study, is a non-probability method, such as a targeted sampling method. This method of sampling will ensure that the study is focused and well managed (Bell, 2005). The proposed study will be approached from an interpretivist, epistemological perspective conducted in three stages. Firstly, an extensive literature review, including national government reports and data, and local government (Lewisham Council) reports and data. This stage will also review social service reports and data on looked after children, reviews of at-risk children, child protection registers and analyses of online exam reports and school-tracking data. The second stage will focus on field research in the form of targeted semi-structured interviews which will be conducted at Conisborough College with learning mentors, child protection officers, school counsellors, form tutors, and head of years who support looked after children as well as two social workers and LEA child protection officers. In the broader community, pastor/community leaders of West African origin will be interviewed. The final stage of this study will collate and analyse all data and draw inferences from t he findings on future programmes in the school and community at large, in order to generate a number of   recommendations.. I intend to pilot the second stage of the study to determine what works and what does not. As an amateur researcher, I will follow the procedure established by Peat et al. (2002) which will give me advance warning as whether to proceed with the research, revise the research, or abandon this section of the research altogether. My research is small scale, so the pilot study will involve one student, one learning mentor, and one head of year. Following Peat et al.’s (2002: 123) process, I will: Provide participants with a Participant Information Form and consent form, taking care to explain the purpose and process of the research. Following this, I will identify and areas regarding ethical approval not already adequately covered in the research protocol. Complete the interview schedule with each pilot respondent. Following completion I will ask respondents for feedback regarding ambiguous, sensitive or difficult questions. Transcribe and review each pilot interview fully, discarding any unnecessary, difficult, repetitive or ambiguous questions. Reorder interview items if necessary to ensure a coherent and engaging schedule. Time both the conduct and transcription of the interviews to determine whether both tasks are reasonable given the timescale of the research. Once this pilot work has been completed, I can be confident that the interview schedule(s) are fir for the purpose of this study. References Barn, R. (2006) Research and Practice Briefings: Children and Families – Improving services to meet the needs of minority ethnic children and families, DfES, york.ac.uk/depts/spsw/mrc/documents/QPB13.pdf Bryan, A. (2009). The intersectionality of nationalism and multiculturalism in the Irish curriculum: Teaching against racism? Race ethnicity and education, 12(3), 297-317. Myers, P. (2009). Immigrants and ethnic minorities in the history of education. Paedagogica Historica: International Journal of the History of Education, 46(6), 801 – 816. Peat, J., Mellis, C., Williams, K. and Xuan W. (2002), Health Science Research: A Handbook of Quantitative Methods, London: Sage.

The Longevity of Earth essays

The Longevity of Earth essays Scientists and geologists often discuss issues concerning the environment on Earth. What causes the greenhouse effect and global warming are issues that geologists talk about all the time. Global warming is the term used to describe increases in the temperature of the Earth. The greenhouse effect is a natural process that helps keep the Earths temperatures at levels that can sustain life. Without certain greenhouse gases, the atmosphere cannot absorb the suns heat energy, making Earth extremely cold. Likewise, heat that is not absorbed gets trapped within the atmosphere. Some of these greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. The buildup of these gases is the main cause of global warming. Global warming has devastating effects on the Earths environment because it causes shifts in the weather, changes in water patterns, and problems for civilized people. In order to talk about global warming, geologists must first understand what causes the greenhouse effect. Many of the suns heat rays are absorbed by water vapor, which is a natural component of the Earths atmosphere. Water vapor accounts for 80 percent of natural greenhouse warming. The remaining 20 percent is due to other gases that are present in very small amounts (Murck, et al., 488). Carbon dioxide is another gas that absorbs heat energy from the sun. Whenever fossil fuels are burned, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. The more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the more heat that gets absorbed. This causes the atmosphere to heat up, which increases the Earths temperature, affecting both the land and the oceans. As seawater heats up, evaporation occurs, causing the cycle to start again, releasing even more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Once this cycle starts, it is extremely difficult to control. Another greenhouse gas is methane, which absorbs infrared radiation 25 times more effectively than c...

the anti war movement of the vietnam war essays

the anti war movement of the vietnam war essays United States participation in the Vietnam War was a subject of much debate among the American public. While many Americans supported the United States involvement in the War, in agreement with the Government that American assistance was needed in order to stop the spread of Communism, other people felt that it was immoral for the United States to involve itself in another country's internal matters. The antiwar movement against Vietnam in the US from 1965-1971 was the most significant movement of its kind in the nation's history. Anti-war protesters were not confined to the young, radicals, intellectuals, and the disaffected.... By 1968, [they] included many powerful individuals within the business and financial communities, the media, and the government itself ( McMahon 466). Also by 68, protesters numbered almost seven million, with more than half being white youths in the college. Students for a Democratic Society, (SDS), announced its opposition of the Vietnam War publicly in 1965. In a public announcement, they state their reasons for disagreement. We feel that the war is immoral at its root, that it is fought alongside a regime with no claim to represent its people, and that it is foreclosing the hope of making America a decent and truly democratic society....We are anxious to help and to change our country; we refuse to destroy someone elses country (McMahon 467). The SDS was not alone in their opposition. Civil-Rights leader, Martin Luther King, Jr., declared his opposition in 1967. He stated many reasons. ...it became clear to me that the war was doing far more than devastating the hopes of the poor at home. It was sending their sons and brothers and their husbands to fight and die...As I walked among the desperate, rejected and angry young men, I have told them that Molotov cocktails and rifles would not solve their problems...But, they as ...

The Science Behind How Popcorn Pops

The Science Behind How Popcorn Pops Popcorn has been a popular snack for thousands of years. Remnants of the tasty treat have been found in Mexico dating back to 3600 BC. Popcorn pops because each popcorn kernel is special. Heres a look at what makes popcorn different from other seeds and how popcorn pops. Why It Pops Popcorn kernels contain oil and water with starch, surrounded by a hard and strong outer coating. When popcorn is heated, the water inside the kernel tries to expand into steam, but it cannot escape through the seed coat (the popcorn hull or pericarp). The hot oil and steam gelatinizes the starch inside the popcorn kernel, making it softer and more pliable. When the popcorn reaches a temperature of 180 C (356 F),  the pressure inside the kernel is around 135 psi (930 kPa), which is sufficient pressure to rupture the popcorn hull, essentially turning the kernel inside-out. The pressure inside the kernel is released very quickly, expanding the proteins and starch inside the popcorn kernel into a foam, which cools and sets into the familiar popcorn puff. A popped piece of corn is about 20 to 50 times larger than the original kernel. If popcorn is heated too slowly, it wont pop because steam leaks out of the tender tip of the kernel. If popcorn is heated too quickly, it will pop, but the center of each kernel will be hard because the starch hasnt had time to gelatinize and form a foam. How Microwave Popcorn Works Originally, popcorn was made by directly heating the kernels. Bags of microwave popcorn are a bit different because the energy comes from microwaves rather than infrared radiation. The energy from the microwaves makes the water molecules in each kernel move faster, exerting more pressure on the hull until the kernel explodes. The bag that microwave popcorn comes in helps trap the steam and moisture so the corn can pop more quickly. Each bag is lined with flavors so when a kernel pops, it strikes the side of the bag and gets coated. Some microwave popcorn presents a health risk not encountered with regular popcorn because the flavorings are also affected by the microwave and get into the air. Does all corn pop? Popcorn that you buy at the store or grow as popcorn for a garden is a special variety of corn. The commonly cultivated strain is Zea mays everta, which is a type of flint corn. Some wild or heritage strains of corn will also pop. The most common types of popcorn have white or yellow pearl-type  kernels, although white, yellow, mauve, red, purple, and variegated colors are available in both pearl and rice shapes. Even the right strain of corn wont pop unless its moisture content has a moisture content around 14 to 15%. Freshly harvested corn pops, but the resulting popcorn will be chewy and dense. Sweet Corn and Field Corn Two other common types of corn are sweet corn and field corn. If these types of corn are dried so they have the right moisture content, a small number of kernels will pop. However, the corn that pops wont be as fluffy as regular popcorn and will have a different flavor. Attempting to pop field corn using oil is more likely to produce a snack more like Corn Nuts, where the corn kernels expand but dont break apart. Do other grains pop? Popcorn is not the only grain that pops! Sorghum, quinoa, millet, and amaranth grain all puff up when heated as the pressure from expanding steam breaks open the seed coat.

Curruption in Russia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Curruption in Russia - Research Paper Example It has been reported that $35 billion were stolen from government funds in 2010. Corruption in Russia has put a massive burden on the economy and the society and is badly affecting the country as a whole. It has slackened the growth of the economy, and has devalued the government’s efforts to establish a strong infrastructure and a social welfare system. It is mostly fueled by Russia’s weak control over the government sectors and the judiciary system as a whole. Unfortunately, this phenomenon cannot be controlled without threatening the lifestyle and regime of the influential people in the country, who control a large share of the country’s economy. A well-governed lawful state is the only hope to reduce corruption in the country, but it cannot be established without the support of the elite society in the country. The fact that a new system of government has to be formed by breaking the old structure has daunted all past presidents of the country, and has made t hem even more reluctant to bring changes in the country. (Corruption Grows in Russia) Foreign investors have concluded that Russia is a very risky place to invest their money, which has come as a big blow to the country’s economy. Foreign investors are continuously being cheated and plundered, which has made them ever more reluctant to invest. Hermitage Capital Management, one of the largest investors in the Russian stock market, was occupied in a case that showed the ever-increasing corruption in the Russian justice system, and the level its credibility. Hermitage has accused the Russian judiciary and the police force, to have taken bribes from local gangsters, in order to sell three of Hermitage’s Russian subsidiaries. Furthermore, these subsidiaries were used to steal $230 million from the Russian budget. Hermitage has also informed the Russian State Audit Chamber, of other cases where similar fraud has occured with other companies, which ultimately cost the Russian budget a loss of $240 million. Hermitage has also declared that all these frauds were interlinked, and the police, judges and organized criminal groups, were all involved in the conspiracy. (The Hermitage case and corruption in Russia). There have been numerous other corruption cases regarding the Russian government. In 2010, The U.S. Justice Department revealed documents, which accused the German carmaker Daimler to have paid the Russian government officials, millions of euros in bribe. This was to seal the sales of patrol cars for the police and sedans for the presidential motorcade. For some time, there was no reaction from the Russian government, and things remained quiet. At last, Russian Ministry of Interior, declared an investigation regarding car sales and purchase in the recent year. Although, some government officials, who promised to solve it, met this Daimler case with much vigor the case remains one of the foremost examples of the corruption existing in Russia, and how vulnerable the government officials are to bribes and other forms of corruption. In addition, in 2007, prosecutors in Germany, who were accused of taking bribes from the multi-national company, Siemens, revealed numerous names of Russian government officials. (Russia Slow to Pick Up the Lead in Bribery Cases) Corruption in Russia is not only affecting the economy, but is also slowing down the country’s transition from communism to capitalism. Russia is still recovering from its communism policies, but the

Mills utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mills utilitarianism - Essay Example One thing which we should have learned by now during our philosophical journey is that we have to have a theory of human behavior which should be able to address the diversity of human environments and thus cannot be very simple and rigid. Utilitarianism is a step in that direction. Utilitarianism The founder of Utilitarianism was Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). His theory begins with proposition that nature has placed human beings under two masters: pleasure and pain. Anything that seems good must either be directly pleasurable, or thought to be a means to pleasure or to the avoidance of pain. Conversely, anything that seems bad must either be directly painful, or thought to be a means to pain or to the deprivation of pleasure. From this Bentham argued that the words right and wrong can only be meaningful if they are used in accordance with the Utilitarian principle, so that whatever increases the net surplus of pleasure over pain is right and whatever decreases it is wrong. Moreover, the net pain and pleasure to be considered is not restricted to personal level but should be the sum of the pleasure of all involved by acting or getting effected by a particular action. Therefore from utilitarianism we cannot gauge the utility of action by putting it on the persona l criteria of pleasure and pain but it has to be more wholesome resultantly more complex but practicable. Basic Objections to Utilitarianism Most difficult part in the implementation of Bentham's utilitarianism is that to take an action, one has to take into account the expanse of the effects of the actions i.e. how far the consequences going to travel. This factor leads to three basic objections to utilitarianism:- 1. Utilitarianism is too demanding as it is more inclined towards collective good than individual good. 2. Utilitarianism is a heartless doctrine as it does not concentrate/focus on the intention but on the consequences thus making the entire concept of virtuous intent redundant. 3. The Principle of Utility is impractical because one has to think the consequences for which the time and information might not be available at a particular moment. Mill's Modification to Utilitarianism These basic objections though seem valid were addressed by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). The salient points of his modification to utilitarianism were:- 1. Introduction of Higher and Lower Pleasure Mill is of the opinion that pleasure has to be distributed into categories of higher and lower pleasure. At times we may confront a situation that we find a number of actions which might lead to "pleasure". In such circumstances we would be at a loss to decide the course of action. It will be only the conception of higher and lower pleasure which will give us the ability to take correct actions at correct time. In doing so we should also consider that the most suitably equipped person to judge the distinction between the higher and lower pleasure is the one who has experienced both. 2. Introduction of Rules in Moral Decision Making Mill considers that rules can be the force behind the decision. These rules are in fact the outcome of utilitarianism and they are established by taking into consideration principles of utility i.e. rules which had been giving and will give "pleasure" to the

Rock-n-roll and the use of drugs in the period between 1955 and 1966 Essay

Rock-n-roll and the use of drugs in the period between 1955 and 1966 - Essay Example As the counterculture began to emerge, however, an associated interest with mind altering drugs began to be a part of the experience. While the era of drug use and free thinking is often thought of as the 1960s, the counterculture began much earlier, stemming from the gravitation of certain individuals to jazz and folk music which was often expressed by those who were calling themselves beatniks and bohemians. The period of time between 1955 and 1966 were pivotal, however, as the course of social change also saw changes in the way in which intellectualism was pursued, leading to the heavier use of drugs during that time period. In 1966, Grace Slick wrote one of the more iconic songs that projected the connection between literacy, rock and roll, and the drug culture. Referencing Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland she wrote â€Å"One pill makes you larger/One pill makes you small/ And the ones that mother gives you/Don’t do anything at all/Go ask Alice/When she’s ten feet tall† (Farber, 2007, p. 62). At the same time, there has been a struggle between embracing the effects of drug use and the consequences of indulging in drugs with too much intensity. Rock and roll lifestyles are both filled with the hedonism of sex and drugs and written to reflect the spiral downward that is taken through the ’looking glass’ when drug abuse takes over one’s life. One of the more famous quotes about drug use and the early years of rock and roll came from David Crosby who said â€Å"if you can remember the 60s, you weren’t there†, intimating the close connection between the use of drugs, forgetfulness during use and the revolutions of the 1960s which included a high level of drug use (Farber, 2007, p. 63). ... 63). Drug abuse and alcoholism as it was connected to musicians did not begin in the 1960s. Where there are high levels of artistic emotions combined with the pressures of success, drug use and alcohol abuse were often involved. However, cultural groups that specifically aligned themselves with the use of drugs was a relatively new phenomenon in the 1950s. The type of groups that were defined by a sort of intellectualism that was following some of the great writers of the time, as well as following paths towards hedonism and self indulgences were ’beatniks’ and ’bohemians’ of the 1950s. The music of jazz and folk music, two genres that helped to form the structures of rock and roll, were a type of music that drew people towards it that often indulged in drug use. According to Weinstein (1999), â€Å"the initial sparks were struck in the 1940s that set the counterculture ablaze with drugs in the 1960s† (p. 169). When Ardous Huxley wrote Doors of Perc eption in 1954, the counterculture was motivated to seek the perfect high, that state in which transcendence had occurred in which the promise of drug use was finally fulfilled. Seeking to fulfill some sort of intellectual imperative, the book written by Huxley gave a framework of understanding about the nature of mind altering drug use and the advantages of what one can learn from having taken mind altering drugs. Huxley (2009) describes what Spanish conquerors saw when they encountered Native Americans. He states â€Å"they eat a root which they call peyote, and which they venerate as though tit was a deity†(p. 9). The book became centering piece of pop culture from which the pursuit of the ultimate spiritual experience was sought after which included high

Historicist Analysis of Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd Essay

Historicist Analysis of Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd to His Love - Essay Example The poem or the song was written during the time when the art focused on the idea of idyllic country settings, where shepherds were love-sick and obsessed with their lovers. It was also the time when musical composers and artists praised the country settings and consider them their usual subject (â€Å"Christopher Marlowe†). However, although this is the realistic element in the poem, some lines in the poem are obviously a product of the shepherd’s rich and love-filled imagination. For example, in the line where he wants to give his lover â€Å"A gown made of the finest wool† (13) and slippers â€Å"With buckles of the purest gold† (16), the shepherd is obviously only imagining giving these very expensive presents to his lover. Nevertheless, although he cannot possibly afford it, he tells her about it as a proof of the greatness and sincerity of his love for her. Moreover, the phrases â€Å"finest wool† and â€Å"purest gold† may actually rep resent the purity of the shepherd’s intent and love for his lover. It would then be interesting to think that the Elizabethan era during the late 16th century and the early 17th century was actually a time when lovers were sincere about their proposals of love. According to information from the Norton Anthology of Poetry, the life of Christopher Marlowe was actually not the same as the bucolic peacefulness of â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.† Despite the tranquil rural setting of the poem, Marlowe was a rather energetic spy and entrepreneur of his time. The modern-day market during the commercial revolution during his time was also far from the ideally simple life of the shepherd in his poem, for Marlowe desired fortune during his time. Moreover, there was also disease, crime and violence during his time in England – which are actually elements that are entirely in contrast with the calmness and tranquility of the mood in the poem. In fact, according to the Norton Anthology of Poetry, Marlowe was involved in a number of controversies and his life was reflective of the urban violence during his time. In 1589 he was involved in a brawl that brought him to hail. In 1591, he was accused of atheism and treason, which were heavy crimes during those times. On Ma 18, 1593, he was arrested for blasphemy although these were merely allegations, for which a trial began on May 20. However, in 1593, on May 30, at the age of 29, he was stabbed with a dagger but the motives were unconfirmed whether this was related to his arrest or if it was the killer’s personal vendetta against Marlowe’s atheism and epicurean lifestyle (â€Å"Biography†). During the time that Marlowe wrote â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love,† it was the year 1593, the pastoral genre of poetry gained popularity, although the poem was posthumously published in 1599. The shepherd poet became a regular symbol of romance, pastoral text and erotic love. Particularly, in Marlowe’s poem, there is simplicity of language pertaining particularly to the use of vernacular. It therefore shows charm and wit without pomposity or pretention. It is the reflection of courtly love without the trappings of metaphors as w ell as other elitist and artificial elements (Zlateva 126). In short, the poem shows utmost simplicity. However, such simplicity even reflects in the trip around the countryside of

The Realities of Juvenile Crime In The United States Essay

The Realities of Juvenile Crime In The United States - Essay Example Different investigations and studies have been conducted on juvenile crime and justice. Major issues of these studies include juvenile delinquency and offense status. Other issues include comparison of adult courts and juvenile courts, variables that correlate with juvenile crime rates, delinquency, effects on the young tried as adults and current issues in the juvenile justice. The difference between the juvenile courts and adult courts include the absence of the right to bail in childrens court. If a minor is detained in a juvenile hall, you cannot post a bond to get him or her out. Another difference is that in juvenile courts, the parents and guardian are questioned by the court during hearings about their childs behavior. The responses of the parent or the guardian play a role in determining the case, however, this does not exist in adult courts. Also juvenile court hearing is closed to the public meaning that the general public is not inside juvenile courts with the exception of family members, but in adult court the general public can attend the trial hearing. Typically, in juvenile court the mental health and substance abuse evaluations are carried out, a rare phenomenon in adult courts (World Youth Report, 2003). The causes that correlates to juvenile crimes includes drugs and substance. Drug abuse causes delinquency among teenager leading to committing crimes such as precocious sex activity, school failure, gun ownership and other related behaviors. The social media plays a part in juvenile crimes; television and movies have promoted "cult of heroes" that advocate justice through physical means that seek the elimination of enemies. This has been supported by the American Psychological Association that concluded that television violence contribute up to 10% of aggressive behavior among teenagers. Peer influence is also a major cause of delinquent

Agriculture of Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Agriculture of Pakistan Essay Agriculture is a vital sector of Pakistans economy and accounted for 25. 9 percent of GDP in 1999-2000, according to government estimates. The sector directly supports three-quarters of the countrys population, employs half the labor force , and contributes a large share of foreign exchange earnings. The main agricultural products are cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, and vegetables, in addition to milk, beef, mutton, and eggs. Pakistan depends on one of the worlds largest irrigation systems to support production. There are 2 principal seasons. Cotton, rice, and sugarcane are produced during the kharif season, which lasts from May to November. Wheat is the major rabi crop, which extends from November to April. The key to a much-needed improvement of productivity lies in a more efficient use of resources, principally land and water. However, change is dependent on the large landowners who own 40 percent of the arable land and control most of the irrigation system, which makes widespread reform difficult. Assessments by independent agencies, including the World Bank, show these large landholdings to be very unproductive. Pakistan is a net importer of agricultural commodities. Annual imports total about US$2 billion and include wheat, edible oils, pulses, and consumer foods. Pakistan is one of the worlds largest producers of raw cotton. The size of the annual cotton crop—the bulk of it grown in Punjab province—is a crucial barometer of the health of the overall economy, as it determines the availability and cost of the main raw material for the yarn-spinning industry, much of which is concentrated around the southern port city of Karachi. Official estimates put the 1999-2000 harvest at some 11. 2 million 170-kilogram bales, compared with the 1998-99 outturn of 8. 8 million bales and the record 12. 8 million bales achieved in 1991-92. The government recently actively intervened in the market to boost prices and to encourage production. A major problem is that the cotton crop is highly susceptible to adverse weather and pest damage, which is reflected in crop figures. After peaking at 2. 18 million tons in 1991-92, the lint harvest has since fluctuated considerably, ranging from a low of 1. 37 million tons in 1993-94 to a high of 1. 9 million tons in 1999-2000. The 2000-01 wheat crop was forecast at a record 19. 3 million tons, compared to 17. 8 million tons produced during the previous year. This increase is due largely to favorable weather and a 25-percent increase in the procurement price to about US$135 per ton. About 85 percent of the crop is irrigated. Despite the record production, Pakistan will continue to be a major wheat importer. The government has imported an average of US$2. 4 million annually over the past 5 years. The United States and Australia are the major suppliers. Demand for wheat is increasing from Pakistans rapidly growing population as well as from cross-border trade with Afghanistan. Pakistan is a major rice exporter and annually exports about 2 million tons, or about 10 percent of world trade. About 25 percent of exports is Pakistans famous fragrant Basmati rice. Rice is Pakistans second leading source of export earnings. Private traders handle all exports. Pakistans main competitors in rice trade are Thailand, Vietnam, and India. Tobacco is grown mainly in the North-West Frontier Province and Punjab and is an important cash crop . Yields in Pakistan are about twice those for neighboring countries largely due to the extension services provided by the industry. Quality, however, is improving only slowly due to problems related to climate and soil. Farmers have started inter-cropping tobacco with vegetables and sugarcane to increase returns. About half of the total production is used for cigarette manufacturing and the remainder used in traditional ways of smoking (in hand-rolled cigarettes called birris, in water pipes, and as snuff). The share of imported tobacco is increasing gradually in response to an increased demand for high-quality cigarettes. Minor crops account for only 5 percent of total cultivated area; these include oilseeds (sunflower, soybean), chilies, potatoes, and onions. Domestic oilseed production accounts only for about 25 percent of Pakistan total edible oil needs. As a result, Pakistan spends more than US$1 billion annually in scarce foreign exchange to import edible oils, while its oilseed processing industry operates at less than 25 percent of capacity due to an inadequate supply of oilseeds. For 2000-01 total oilseed production was forecast to decrease 10 percent to 3. 6 million tons. The government has highlighted development of the oilseed sector as a priority. Pakistans fishing industry is relatively modest, but has shown strong growth in recent years. The domestic market is quite small, with per capita annual consumption of approximately 2 kilograms. About 80 percent of production comes from marine fisheries from 2 main areas, the Sindh coast east from Karachi to the Indian border, and the Makran coast of Baluchistan. Ninety percent of the total marine catch is fish; the shrimp which constitute the remainder are prized because of their greater relative value and demand in foreign markets. During 1999-00, total fish production was 620,000 tons, of which 440,000 tons consisted of sea fish and the remainder were fresh-water species. About one-third of the catch is consumed fresh, 9 percent is frozen, 8 percent canned, and about 43 percent used as fish meal for animal food. Livestock accounts for 40 percent of the agricultural sector and 9 percent of the total GDP. Principal products are milk, beef, mutton, poultry, and wool. During 1999, the livestock population increased to 120 million head. That same year Pakistan generated 970,000 tons of beef, 640,000 tons of mutton, and 190,000 tons of poultry. In an effort to enhance milk and meat production, the government recently launched a comprehensive livestock development project with Asian Development Bank assistance. Poultry production provides an increasingly popular low-cost source of protein. Modern poultry production is constrained by high mortality, high incidence of disease, poor quality chicks, and poor quality feed, combined with an inadequate marketing system. Frozen poultry have only recently been introduced. Forests cover an area of 4. 2 million hectares or about 5 percent of the total area of Pakistan. The principal forest products are timber, principally for house construction, furniture, and firewood. Many of the countrys wooded areas are severely depleted as a result of over-exploitation. The government has restricted cutting to protect remaining resources—though corruption often jeopardizes environmental efforts—and has lowered duties to encourage imports. Forestry production has since declined from 1. 07 million cubic meters in 1990-91 to 475,000 cubic meters in 1998-99. Pakistan imports an estimated US$150 million of wood products annually to meet the requirements of a growing population and rising demand by a wealthy elite.

Basic Structure Of The Chinese Beer Industry

Basic Structure Of The Chinese Beer Industry To understand the current situation in the Chinese beer industry, knowledge about past events is necessary. Todays structure is a result of developments which took place during the last 50 years. Only decades ago, the total amount of beer consumed in China was very low, but steadily on the rise. When growth rates started to increase during the late 1990s, international breweries became interested in this new market, because international competition was very high, but the local competition in China was rather weak, and almost simultaneously international companies tried to set foot in China. In a very short time, nearly 50 joint ventures with local breweries were founded and everybody tried to get a piece of the cake. Yet, as China is a vast and geographically diverse country and infrastructure is poorly developed, the market for breweries is highly fragmented. The sales were all localized and as it was very difficult to ship across regional borders due to protected regional markets, big scale breweries were hard to maintain. Additionally, the price of beer was very low, especially in the rural areas of China and therefore costs could hardly be passed onto the consumer. Only a small group of richer Chinese were willing to spend more money on beer and would prefer international brands to national ones. Due to that, international beer was only available through on-premises sales in bars or hotels, while the majority of beer was sold through retail outlets. All this limited most brands geographical reach, only the Chinese Tsingtao beer was available almost nationwide. In 1995 there were over 800 breweries in China and the largest producer, the Yanjing Brewery, only accounted for 3.4% of the market in 1996. Even the top 10 could only claim 14% of the national production. As the Chinese population became richer, international companies could generate more revenues from the high end and premium sector which was difficult for the local breweries. The Chinese government began to fear foreign domination in the beer market and tried to push local breweries. Even though transportation is improving, the poor infrastructure and the inability to reap the economies of scale still hamper the bigger breweries. Trade barriers and the Chinese government which prefers national breweries further hinder international companies. It is necessary to view China not as a country, but to divide it into distinct areas in which breweries can operate. Competition in rural areas requires different competencies than in metropolitan areas. High fixed costs make it necessary to achieve a high degree of product and process standardization. Which competitors have the strongest (or at least the most viable) positions in the industry, and why? Does any competitor have a sustainable advantage? In 1997, the strongest competitors in China by volume were: 1. Yanjing Brewery, 2. China Strategic Investment, 3. Tsingtao Brewery, 4. Zhujiang Brewery (Interbrew), 5. China Resources (Shenyang) Snowflake Brewery (SAB), 6. Chongquing Brewer, 7. Dongxihu Brewery (Danone), 8. Qianjiang Brewery, 9. Harbin Brewery, 10. Pabst Blue Ribbon Brewery. In 2008, the key competitors in this industry were: Tsingtao Brewery, China Resources Snow Breweries, Beijing Yanjing Beer Group Company and Fujian Sedrin Brewery Company. The market shares of these key competitors are unknown. These companies can hold their positions due to joint ventures and co-operations. The largest producer Beijing Yanjing Brewery accounted for just 3.4% of the total market, but could increase its market share in Beijing from 55% in 1994 to 85% by 1997. Small breweries power to compete will increase during the next years and they will eventually become a strong competitor in the beer industry in China. Chinas market is geographically fragmented and the major domestic brands generally dominate in their local area. A sustainable advantage for competitors in the beer industry in China is the geographic position, because distribution is a major problem. Breweries which are located on the coast or near rivers have advantages due to the fact that shipping was the most reliable way of transporting beer. Foreign brewers realized that nationwide distribution was unrealistic and instead tried to focus on key areas. Another important aspect of the beer market is that the Chinese government favour s larger companies, making it tough for smaller ones. This also puts pressure on companies which lack economies of scale. Furthermore the major breweries invested heavily in increasing output and quality and in packaging. They also spent a lot of money on marketing and distribution, further strengthening their positions on top. Tsingtao and Yanjing Brewery both decided to boost their production capacity and invest in the development of their technologies to get a competitive advantage compared to their competitors. The few companies which will get out on top will use their advantages of capital and scales to further strengthen their positions in the market. The main Chinese breweries will not only be competiing in price and market regions, but also in distribution.  [1]   Is this a profitable industry? What is your prediction for its future profitability? In the 1980s and in the 1990s the beer industry in China was not profitable, but China became a large beer production and consumption country and after 2008 the output of Chinese beer ranked first in the world. Chinas beer market has one of the fastest growths worldwide. The world top ten breweries invest in China because of this growing market.  [2]   The competition between the breweries is a very fierce one, they are fighting for market shares, brands and regional distribution. In China the market is divided in beer areas and each region is occupied by certain beer companies. For its future profitability it will be necessary to increase quality and efficiency, to improve infrastructure for making distribution easier and brand building for high competitive advantage. Furthermore some key factors and data have to be taken into consideration to be able to tell if theres a profitable future for the Chinese beer industry: Key statistics provide the key indicators for the industry for at least the last three years. The statistics include industry revenue, industry gross product, employment, establishments, exports, imports, domestic demand and total wages. These statistics are important for research on how to enter the market. Segmentation covers products and service segmentation like key products. The major market segmentation provides data about key client industries and groups, giving an indication which of these are the most important ones in the industry. Industry concentration can tell us how much industry revenue is accounted for by the top four players and the geographic spread provides a guide to the regional share of the industry revenue or gross product. Market Characteristics deal with market size (size of domestic market and size of export market), linkages (lists the industryà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s major suppliers and the major customer industries), demand determinants, domestic and international markets, basis of competition and life cycle. Industry Conditions: Barriers to entry, taxation, regulation and deregulation, cost structure, capital and labor intensity, technology and systems, industry volatility and globalization. Key Factors and Key Competitors: Industryà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Key Sensitivities and Key Success Factors. Key Competitors lists the major players in the industry and their activities. Industry Performance: Analyses the current performance and the historical performance of the Industry.  [3]   All these factors heavily influence the future profitability of the Chinese beer industry and keeping them under surveillance would therefore be advised. How is this industry likely to evolve? What are the key forces that will influence this evolution? The Chinese beer industry is still in the mid and late integration phase today. Competition remains fierce, but it can be estimated that in the future the Chinese beer industry will form a domestic market which will be monopolized by the 10 largest Chinese breweries. The market is most probably headed towards monopolistic and oligarch competition.  [4]   The number of enterprises will decline as the number of competitors which affiliate with the major players will increase. The capacities of the 10 largest breweries will rise, they will most likely expand rapidly and expand their scales. The industry will become more and more concentrated. An estimated 50% of the increase amount of beer worldwide will come from the Chinese market in the next 10 years.4

The Godfather :: essays research papers

The Godfather Directed by Francis Ford Coppola Based on Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather was based in the late 1940's in New York City. The story is about the Corleone family, which is headed by Vito Corleone. He had four sons. The quick to act older son is Santino, also known as Sunny. The next son is Fredo and the youngest son is Mechael which was in the military at the start of the movie and later stepped up to be the head of the family business. Finally, there is the adopted son Tom who Sunny found in the streets of New York homeless. He took him in seeing how his life was so terrible and Sunny's life was so good. Vito also had a daughter, Connie who went through the pain of the family business and she was not even involved in it. The movie starts off at the wedding of Connie and her husband Carlo. Vito promises Carlo a good future, but will not ever let him be a part of the family business. After the wedding, Virgo Salatso, a herione dealer from Italy is looking for the Corleone family backing by money and protection from the law, as they have control over the local government. Vito wants no part of the heroine dealer and little does he know all of the other mob bosses are going along with Salatso. Vito had no idea his noncompliance with Salatso would start a war between the families of New York. This led to Virgo's men to shoot Vito but not killing him. This outgraged Michael and this led to the revenge of him shooting a police captain under Virgo and the shooting of Mr. Salatso. After this, the family sent Michael to Sicily to hide out. While Michael was in Sicily, he fell in love and got married to a woman named Apolonia but their love was short lived because a hit was put out on Michael. Apolonia was kill ed by the car bomb that was intended for Michael. Also, while Michael was in Sicily, the bosses put a hit on Sunny. The other bosses used Carlo, Connie's husband to set him up. Carlo beat yup Connie and Sunny and was sent to her aid. On the way he had to ggo through a tollbooth where he was met by heavy machine gun fire and was killed. After everything died down, Michael was summoned back to America.

The Extraordinary Contributions of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet :: Essays Papers

The Extraordinary Contributions of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet There are commonly held stereotypes that women in the early twentieth century were passive or unimportant in affecting the development of the Western Frontier. However, women in Arizona during this time period helped shape history in a multitude of ways. One area impacted by the role of women during the early twentieth century was medicine. An area greatly dominated by males, medicine may not have advanced as successfully in Southern Arizona if it had not been for the efforts of seven women from St. Joseph, Missouri. The Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet made profound contributions to the Western Frontier in many ways. They severely impacted both areas of education and medicine in Arizona. By exploring the Sisters’ various contributions, this paper will uncover the significance of the Carondelet Sisters’ role in the development of the Western Frontier. In the early twentieth century, pioneers began to inundate the area of Southern Arizona. Among them were the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet; Emerentia Bonnefoy, Monica Corrigan, Euphrasia Suchet, Hyacinth Blanc, Martha Peters, Ambrosia Arnichaud, and Maxine Croisat (Bryne and Cammack). In 1870, these seven women began the exhausting and rigorous journey from St. Louis to Tucson, traveling by rail, sea and wagon. The Sisters came to Tucson on a mission to help Jean Baptiste Salpointe, who was a Bishop in the area. They were to teach in Tucson’s first school, which would transform the ways of education in the Western Frontier. Before the Carondelet sisters’ arrival, little had been done in the state of Arizona in the means of education. The Sisters established education in the area and contributed to the demise of the negative attitudes that parents had about raising their children in the West. Before these contributions, many parents found it necessary to move to a town or settlement where there would be more advantages for their children. "Mother did not let any of the unusual life about us interfere with our bringing up," a young Arizona girl recalled. "Except for the desire of giving us a more extended education than we could get in the state at that time, I am sure my father and mother would have remained†¦instead of removing to New Mexico" (Myres, pg.

Impact of Cultural Differences, Internal and Environmental Factors at Airbus Essay

Employees are affected by a number of internal and external forces that when combined produce given behaviours and attitudes. In this paper, I will consider the key factors affecting individual and groups’ behaviour and their corresponding relationship to the personal and organisational performance. The scenario, Airbus’ manufacturing plant in Toulouse, is dominated by tensions amongst groups of workers with different cultural background. The impact of those cultural challenges, the pressures of delivering the A380s in time and the demands from the external environment will be some of the factors that will be considered in the analysis below. In order to understand the multiple forces and the organisational change processes undertaken by Airbus, two influential frameworks for change have been examined in this paper. The model introduced by Burke and Litwin (2002), and the approach presented by Kotter (1995), based upon the authors’ research into corporate change. 1. Individual factors Attitudes and personal behavioural codes consist of an organisation of feelings, thoughts and cognitions in a defined situation. Airbus’ employees appear not to be motivated to fulfil the group’s objectives as â€Å"there are too many tensions and too much suspicion† (Hollinger & Wiesmann, 2008), as reported by an official of the French union. As work motivation and job satisfaction are closely linked with the overall performance of workers, it is important to identify factors leading to job dissatisfaction at Airbus. The arrival of two thousand electricians to resolve wiring problem has impacted negatively on the Toulouse plant resulting in overcrowding, sudden change in industrial processes and dispositions against other individuals with a number of differences. The temperament and individual emotions are difficult to understand for people with diverse cultural upbringing. There are also differences in pay which are perceived as unequal an d negative, particularly for those employees not on secondment. In summary, individuals are often resistant to change which involve loss and uncertainty. One of the most common reasons for human resistance is the focus on their own best interests instead of the organisation’s (Kotter & Schlesinger, 1979). 2. Work group factors Although team diversity can potentially create a positive organisational synergy, the same can also create unique challenges resulting from social integration, tension, and conflict (Jehn, Northcraft & Neale, 1999). In the case of Airbus, it appears there are two leaders from different groups and cultures bringing different attitudes and dispositions to the groups, giving birth to nationalistic tensions between French and German employees. Management rivalries become a detrimental model for working groups (Drucker, 1986). Team engagement and social integration are then increasingly difficult as the majority of Germans are temporary employees coming from outside the company. Furthermore, the organisational culture of Airbus is affected by the lack of trust and transparency from management. In this situation, fear and suspicion emerge and French groups start to perceive the growing influence of German managers as unfair and unequal. All these factors create frustr ations amongst the teams and individuals thus producing uncertainty which affects the plant performance and the company’s ability to meet delivery schedules. 3. Organisational factors The organisational structure and culture as well as its policies and systems, together with the set goals influence employee and team behaviours. With this in mind, it is important to consider that Airbus and its parent company EADS were merged in the name of European unity and intended to be more competitive in the aerospace industry. With the internal pressures of company restructuring consisting of the A380 delivery targets and current production delays, Airbus workers become dominated by uncertainties and tension between different working groups. As Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) highlighted in their study, human resistance often emerges during organisational change efforts. Power 8, Airbus’ restructuring programme which consisted of undertaking a number of changes including job cuts, factory sales, new areas for components sourcing and leadership turnover, produces social tensions and management rivalries inside the organisation. 4. External environment An analysis of the national and global context of Airbus is crucial to understanding the influence of external forces producing both opportunities and threats to the organisation. Amongst those factors, pressures from politics, unions and public opinion are dominant forces in the case of Airbus. Competition in the global market, mainly between Airbus and Boeing, is also intense. Each company is under pressure and suffering from severe delays in delivery targets. State shareholders naturally makes the company subject to political interests and government rules and regulations affect Airbus’ operations management and its decision making process. Questions are raised about the compatibility of the company’s economic goals and its commitment to more political and social objectives. The leadership team need to engage and negotiate with trade unions, political parties and public movements to ensure success in the company’s outcomes. Thus pressur e from different groups makes it problematic for Airbus to align the internal organisation with the external forces. 5. Change dynamics Burke and Litwin (1992) present a causal model that helps to define and establish a cause-and-effect relationship between a number of organizational elements which are key to organizational change. The linkage between these is the key to effective change. They identify the external environment as the dominant factor driving change in organisations which affects their mission, culture, leadership and strategy. The company’s structure, systems, management practices, and climate are in turn linked to those dimensions and impact the overall performance. In the case of Airbus, the merger between Airbus and EADS and the strong competition of Boeing in the global aerospace market are the most dominant external forces. Those trigger a series of further changes in the company, which together, affects the motivation level of employees and work groups. 6. Change management issues Kotter (1995) in his corporate change analysis provides a number of lessons learnt which help understand the complex issues outlined in the Airbus case study. One of the issues in Airbus’ strategy is the lack of cooperation from individuals and teams. Morale and motivation are important factors to control and influence, especially in the first phase of the transformational process. Additionally, the role of leadership in terms of establishing a vision, communicating it and being the example of the new behaviours is also crucial. Airbus’ past rivalry between the former French and German management sides have been detrimental for the change effort. As Drucker (1986) points out â€Å"managers’ inability to change their attitudes and behaviour as rapidly as their organizations require† (Drucker, 1986) is a barrier for organisational growth. It is important to consider that changes take a long time to naturalise into the company cult ure. The benefit of Airbus’ restructuring programme, Power 8, cannot be judged before its time. The change in habits and rules destabilise people and the company’s exposure to public opinion and political interest increases the process of change in its complexity. Conclusion Today’s workforce is becoming more diverse in terms of age, gender and ethnicity. Managers are duty bound to develop skills to influence the relationship between team diversity and team outcomes by analysing the current situation and possible issues to be avoided. Changes are generally needed; in the instance of Airbus, they are implementing a large scale change affecting the organisational leadership, culture, structure and operations. Consequently, people affected by change experience some level of discomfort but leaders can increase their level of success by selecting the right strategy and approach to use with workgroups and individuals. Effective change management strategy should be consistent with the company’s management behaviour and the overall company’s culture, ensuring alignment of people internally and externally in the public environment. The change process in every organisation requires a length of time and readiness for individual chang e which proceed through stages which should not be overlooked for a successful outcome.