The History of Domestication for Broomcorn Millet

Broomcorn or broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), also known as proso millet, panic millet, and wild millet, is today primarily considered a weed suitable for birdseed. But it contains more protein than most other grains, is high in minerals and easily digested, and has a pleasant nutty taste. Millet can be ground up into flour for bread or used as a grain in recipes as a replacement for buckwheat, quinoa or rice. Broomcorn History Broomcorn was a seed grain used by hunter-gatherers in China at least as long ago as 10,000 years. It was first domesticated in China, probably in the Yellow River valley, about 8000 BP, and spread outward from there into Asia, Europe, and Africa. Although the ancestral form of the plant has not been identified, a weedy form native to the region called P. m. subspecies ruderale) is still found throughout Eurasia. Broomcorn domestication is believed to have taken place about 8000 BP. Stable isotope studies of human remains at sites such as Jiahu, Banpo, Xinglongwa, Dadiwan, and Xiaojingshan suggest that while millet agriculture was present ca 8000 BP, it did not become a dominant crop until about a thousand years later, during the Middle Neolithic (Yangshao). Evidence for Broomcorn Broomcorn remains which suggests a highly developed millet-based agriculture have been found at several sites associated with Middle Neolithic (7500-5000 BP) cultures including the Peiligang culture in Henan province, the Dadiwan culture of Gansu province and the Xinle culture in Liaoning province. The Cishan site, in particular, had more than 80 storage pits filled with millet husk ashes, totaling an estimated 50 tons of millet. Stone tools associated with millet agriculture include tongue-shaped stone shovels, chisel-edged sickles and stone grinders. A stone millstone and grinder were recovered from the early Neolithic Nanzhuangtou site dated to 9000 BP. By 5000 BC, broomcorn millet was flourishing west of the Black Sea, where there are at least 20 published sites with archaeological evidence for the crop, such as the Gomolava site in the Balkans. The earliest evidence in central Eurasia is from the site of Begash in Kazakhstan, where direct-dated millet seeds date to ca 2200 cal BC. Recent Archaeology Studies of Broomcorn Recent studies comparing the differences of grains a broomcorn millet from archaeological sites often vary a great deal, making them difficult to identify in some contexts. Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute and colleagues reported in 2012 that millet seeds are smaller in response to environmental factors, but relative size also can reflect the immaturity of the grain. depending on charring temperature, immature grains can be preserved, and such size variation should not rule out identification as broomcorn. Broomcorn millet seeds were recently found at the central Eurasian site of Begash, Kazakhstan, and Spengler et al. (2014) argue that this represents evidence for the transmission of broomcorn outside of China and into the broader world. See also Lightfoot, Liu, and Jones for an interesting article on the isotopic evidence for millet across Eurasia. Sources and Further Information Bettinger RL, Barton L, and Morgan C. 2010. The origins of food production in north China: A different kind of agricultural revolution. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 19(1):9-21.Bumgarner, Marlene Anne. 1997. Millet. Pp. 179-192 in The New Book of Whole Grains. Macmillan, New York.Frachetti MD, Spengler RN, Fritz GJ, and Maryashev AN. 2010. Earliest direct evidence for broomcorn millet and wheat in the central Eurasian steppe region. Antiquity 84(326):993–1010.Hu, Yaowu, et al. 2008 Stable isotope analysis of humans from Xiaojingshan site: implications for understanding the origin of millet agriculture in China. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(11):2960-2965.Jacob J, Disnar J-R, Arnaud F, Chapron E, Debret M, Lallier-Vergà ¨s E, Desmet M, and Revel-Rolland M. 2008. Millet cultivation history in the French Alps as evidenced by a sedimentary molecule. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(3):814-820.Jones, Martin K. and Xinli Liu 2009 Origins of Agricul ture in East Asia. Science 324:730-731.Lightfoot E, Liu X, and Jones MK. 2013. Why move starchy cereals? A review of the isotopic evidence for prehistoric millet consumption across Eurasia. World Archaeology 45(4):574-623. doi: 10.1080/00438243.2013.852070Lu, Tracey L.-D. 2007 Mid-Holocene climate and cultural dynamics in eastern Central China. Pp. 297-329 in Climate Change and Cultural Dynamics: A Global Perspective on Mid-Holocene Transitions, edited by D. G. Anderson, K.A. Maasch and D.H. Sandweiss. Elsevier: London.Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute G, Hunt H, and Jones M. 2012. Experimental approaches to understanding variation in grain size in Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet) and its relevance for interpreting archaeobotanical assemblages. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 21(1):69-77.Pearsall, Deborah M.2008 Plant domestication. Pp. 1822-1842 In Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Edited by D. M. Pearsall. Elsevier, Inc., London.Song J, Zhao Z, and Fuller DQ. 2013. The archaeobotanical significance of immature millet grains: an experimental case study of Chinese millet crop processing. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22(2):141-152.Spengler III RN, Frachetti M, Doumani P, Rouse L, Cerasetti B, Bullion E, and Maryashev A. 2014. Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of Central Eurasia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281(1783). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3382USDA. Panicum millaceum (broomcorn millet) Accessed 05/08/2009.Yan, Wenming. 2004. The Cradle of Eastern Civilization. pp 49-75 In Yang, Xiaoneng. 2004. Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: New Perspectives on Chinas Past (vol 1). Yale University Press, New Haven

A Comparison of the Masks In Cold Blood, Streetcar Named...

Peeking Behind the Masks In Cold Blood, Streetcar Named Desire, and Fences In life, we all attempt to project some kind of personality to others. We have a mask we wear in different situations, but when times get tough, we eventually discard our masks and become our true selves. We dont live behind our masks until the tragic end, like the characters of In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams, and Fences by August Wilson. The three characters, Perry Smith, Blanche DuBois, and Troy Maxson wore masks to their bitter endings, always trying to fool everyone else. When times got tough, they had to face themselves, and they could not stand the sight. The characters of Blanche†¦show more content†¦Harris states that DuBois masks her life. She doesnt want to face what she really is. The worst horror for her in her mind is for anyone else to see her true self. The audience does see it almost right away, and they know from the first representation of DuBois that they are in for something else. Williams sets up DuBois scenes so the audience can quickly ascertain her true personality. The audience is, however, aware that baths and light bulbs have a meaning for Blanche apart from their functional existence (Corrigan 575). Mary Ann Corrigan writes that DuBois is far from perfect, and the audience can see just that in her drinking of alcohol and her slight comments towards her sister and brother-in-law (575). Yet, the whole time she is hiding behind her mask, she tells everyone she only has a drink once in a while, and she needs her baths to relax. The audience cannot mistake that Dubois does know who she really is, and what her situation holds for her. For this reason, she chooses to hide behind her mask of a southern belle, with her old dresses, rituals, and paper shaded light bulbs (Vogel 505). Dan Vogel states in his book The Three Masks of American Tragedy, She is beyond the capability of even attempting to control and manipulate the world about her. Obviously she recognizes truth, and the truth is that her life is compoundedShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesprogram has a project manager. The major differences lie in scale and time span. Program management is the process of managing a group of ongoing, interdependent, related projects in a coordinated way to achieve strategic objectives. For TABLE 1.1 Comparison of Routine Work with Projects Routine, Repetitive Work Taking class notes Daily entering sales receipts into the accounting ledger Responding to a supply-chain request Practicing scales on the piano Routine manufacture of an Apple iPod Projects

It s The Community College Life For Me - 949 Words

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Summary Of George Orwell s Orwell - 1579 Words

Part II Reading Journal, ch 9-19 1984, George Orwell Plot Summaries: Chapter Nine: Throughout this chapter, Winston begins to explore his feelings regarding the girl that has been following him in previous chapters. He originally thought that she was a member of the Thought Police and he thought she would attempt to execute him for his crimes, until she passed him a note that read, â€Å"I Love You,† which startled Winston, because he knew the risks associated with love. This chapter went on to further explain his hesitations with love, and his attempts to contact this girl, that turned out to be the girl from his dream. In the future, this chapter could provide the basis for the plot of the rest of the book, show Winston’s actual purpose for life, or foreshadow the reason for his death. Chapter Ten: Winston’s feelings for Julia, the girl, progress throughout this chapter, as he sneaks out of Oceania to be with her. Once they are in the country together, they spend the day hiding in a valley away from hidden mics, and â€Å"get to know each other† better. This chapter shows Winston’s true emotions, and can foreshadow the let down he may feel if it does not work out with Julia in the end. Chapter Eleven: Winston’s relationship with Julia furthers, as he learns more about the inner workings of the Party from her. As an avid member, she knows a lot of the inner secrets, and dysfunctions that are held within the Party walls, that although Winston is a member of, he is not an activeShow MoreRelatedSummary Of George Orwell s Brave New World 1537 Words   |  7 PagesRachel Malloy 28 November 2014 APE 3 Complete Government Exploitation of Love The novels, 1984 by George Orwell and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley both showcases how the futuristic totalitarian governments take complete control of their societies. In 1984, the government does it by putting fear of Big Brother and the party into the people. 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Louisa May Alcott Essay Research Paper Malyssa free essay sample

Louisa May Alcott Essay, Research Paper Malyssa Williamson 4/27/00 Louisa May Alcott Louisa May Alcott was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania, the girl of Amos Bronson Alcott, an pedagogue and philosopher, and Abigail May, the energetic, altruist. Louisa grew up in Concord and Boston, enduring from poorness as a consequence of her selfish dreamer male parent # 8217 ; s inability to back up his household. Bronson Alcott habitually sacrificed his married woman and girls by declining to compromise with a corruptible universe, most conspicuously when he subjected them to an experiment in ascetic communal life at Fruitlands farm in 1843. However, the Alcotts # 8217 ; rational environment was rich and stimulating: Louisa # 8217 ; s parents assidously encouraged her authorship, and her friends included leaders in abolishment and adult females # 8217 ; s rights, including the Transcendental philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau. Louisa took nature walks with Thoreau and had the tally of Emerson # 8217 ; s library. By the clip she had reached her teens, she felt a duty to assist her female parent and older sister provide for the household. She taught, sewed, worked as a domestic and a comrade, and wrote fairy narratives and romantic thrillers. When the Civil War broke out, she was eager to take part, animated by her disfavor of female passiveness every bit good as her hate of bondage. She enlisted as a nurse autonomic nervous systems served for three hebdomads in an army infirmary in Washington, D.C. , until she contracted typhoid febrility. She was treated with quicksilver, which for good undermined her wellness. The experience did, nevertheless, provide stuff for her Hospital Sketches, which vividly combines heartbreaking poignancy in decease of a gental, stoical blacksmith, outrage at male official unfeelingness and misdirection, and humourous self-portrayal as the warmhearted, hot- tempered, earthy Nurse Tribulation Periwinkle. In that twelvemonth, she proudly recorded in her diary, she earned about $ 600 # 8220 ; by my composing entirely, # 8221 ; of which she # 8220 ; spent less than a 100 # 8221 ; for herse lf. From so on, she provided the major fiscal support for her household, while staying obligated to assist them with the heavy housekeeping and nurse them when ill. She neer married. Subsequently on, a publishing house approached Louisa to make a miss # 8217 ; book, she accepted the offer merely because she needed the money. The consequence was Small Women, one of the best sellers of all clip. Within four old ages it had sold 82,000 transcripts. The Marches are an idealised re-creation of her ain household, with Bronson kept discreetly offstage: Abba May appears as warm, capable Marmee, who keeps the household together ; Louisa as the choleric author Jo, and her sisters as well-conducted Meg, saintly Beth, and selfish Amy. Through fresh and honest obsevation, Alcott re-creates female adolescent experience that we recognize as reliable even today and makes it interesting and important. She sucessfully turns into escapades such ordinary events as playing, humiliations at school, indolence about making minor housekeeping, and wretchedness ensuing from a instead level olfactory organ or tasteless apparels. She exposes the annoyances of household life, as when Jo # 8217 ; s pretentiously boylike manners clash with Amy # 8217 ; s affected elegance, but she affirms its joys and solaces, as the Marches faithfully back up each other under reverses from the outside universe and do # 8220 ; a jubilee of every small family joy. # 8221 ; The misss # 8217 ; moral battles to get the better of little selfish yearnings and to accommodate self-fulfillment with responsibility to others are made important without being inflated. The struggle is most acute for Jo, who must command her passionate pique to suit Marmee # 8217 ; s ideal of self-repression and subdue her masculine gustatory sensations, endowments, and aspirations to suit society # 8217 ; s restrictive construct of feminine properness. Jo # 8217 ; s job is dramatized uproariously in # 8220 ; Calls, # 8221 ; where Amy manipulates her into doing the formal calls that were required of ninteenth-century ladies and in vain efforts to render her decently innocuous, while we sympathize with Jo # 8217 ; s rational rebellion against a nonmeaningful societal ritual, we besides understand Amy # 8217 ; s aggravation at her provoking perversity and deplore Jo # 8217 ; s self-indulgent deficiency of good sense when she throws off her lone opportunity to travel to Europe by gratuitously antagonising her aunts. As a sympathetic heroine who protests against the force per unit area on misss to be be tactful, pleasing, and confirmist, to care for frock and long for matrimony as the apogee of their lives, Jo was and is an exhilirating theoretical account to female striplings. And, although the book makes clear that Jo must larn to control her urges, it endorses her protest against cut downing adult females to a narrow sexual-domestic function. The March misss prosecute their artistic involvements, battle to protect their mistakes, enjoy their company. Alcott pointedly refused to allow Jo’s friendship with Laurie develop into a conventional love affair. Most of Alcott # 8217 ; s later books capitalized on the success of Small Womans: they are narratives about and for immature people, following their development toward adulthood and contrasting good, enlightened ways of kid rise uping with worldly, unnecessarily restrictive, insufficiently moral 1s. Small Work force continues the narrative of the March household. In Small Men, Jo and her hubby preside over Plumfield, a politically perfect topographic point, inspired by Bronson Alcott # 8217 ; s progressive Temple School. Jo, still a Nonconformist, has become a charitable materfamilias, a broader-minded version of Marmee. Although invariably enlivened by wit and cognition of immature people, these books become less interesting as Alcott goes farther from the authencity of her ain experience and progressively subordinates realistic portraiture to moral instruction. Alcott herself felt the bottlenecks of composing the proper juvenile fiction her public demanded: near the terminal of her life, she made her alter self-importance Jo describes herself as # 8220 ; a lit erary nursery-maid # 8221 ; and acknowledged a enticement to reason the history of the March household # 8220 ; with an temblor which should steep Plumfield. # 8221 ; Once the cause of abolishment had been won, Alcott zealously campaigned for wmen # 8217 ; s rights. After 1870 she on a regular basis contributed to the womens rightist Woman # 8217 ; s Journal and signed her letters # 8220 ; Yours for Reform. # 8221 ; She and her female parent both signed a adult female right to vote request on the juncture of the national centenary in 1875, and she smartly urged the adult females of Concord to utilize their new chance when they got the right to vote in school commission elections. Even in her juvenile fiction, from Small Women on, she invariably preached the right of misss to develop their endowments and pursue callings outside of matrimony. Jo admits Naught Nan to her male childs # 8217 ; school, and in Jo # 8217 ; s Boys Nan becomes a all right doctor, every bit good as an fervent suffragist, and resolutely resists matrimony. Alcott repeatedly portrayed groups of contentedly self-sufficing adult females, such as the immature companions in A n Antique Girl. Throughout her calling, Alcott struggled to accommodate her Transcendentialist strong belief that persons must believe independently and be true to themselves with the morality of entry, self-denial, and selflessness in which her parents trained her, a morality that was enjoined peculiarly on adult females. She sometimes evaded the struggle by prophesying the supreme value of womanly, particularly maternal, love, in conformity with the modern-day cult of true muliebrity. She tried to decide it by claiming that independency was compatible with traditional womanlike, that a adult female can happily split her energies among ballot box, # 8220 ; needle, pen, pallet and broom, # 8221 ; and even by take a firm standing that self-denial deepens and authenticates artistic accomplishment. However, her assertations are less persuasive than her characters who rebel against conventionally defined female goodness. Alcott, nevertheless, did non allow her resentment surface in behaviour: she inva riably sacrificed her personal comfort and the artistic quality of her plants to the demands of her household. She # 8220 ; plunged into a whirl # 8221 ; to compose Work but had to halt to nurse her sister Anna through pneumonia ; when she finished the book, it was # 8220 ; Not what it should be, -too many breaks. Should wish to make one book in peace, and see if it wouldn # 8217 ; t be good. # 8221 ; When her male parent was deceasing, she on a regular basis dragged herself out to see him, although really sick herself ; two yearss after his decease, free at last of household duties, she died in Boston. Alcott will ever be remembered for Little Women, the authoritative American narrative of misss turning up. In her ain clip, it established her repute as a purveyor of perceptive and sympathetic, but ever morally uplifting, literature for immature people. The insurgent, feminist component in her books has merely late been clearly recognized. We now see non so much # 8220 ; the Children # 8217 ; s Friend # 8221 ; as a deeply conflicted adult female whose work amply expresses the tensenesss of female lives in nineteenth-century America.

Importance of Preventing Pressure Injuries in Older Adults

Question: Discuss about the Report forImportance of Preventing Pressure Injuries in Older Adults. Answer: Introduction: Older adult patients are at high risk for development of pressure injuries because of the increased use of devices, hemodynamic instability due to medical conditions, insufficient intake of nutrients and liquids, and the use of vasoactive medications. Pressure injuries are still a common issue in all health care settings. They remain predominant and levy a significant liability on financial and labour assets in the healthcare industry (Doley 2010). The author chose this question as the work undertaken in his field of nursing, i.e., occupational health, is related to this. The author feels that this knowledge will improve the quality of health care by decreasing the cost associated with pressure injury treatments in his field of nursing and also the greater profession. Australian hospitals and health care settings spend approximate 350 million per year to prevent and treat pressure injuries. With the amount it costs for treatment, the author feels that it would be beneficial to research methods to lower the total cost on health care system. (FOnursing, page 1009). Along with the cost of treating pressure injuries, the author also wants to draw attention towards the pain and development of serious infection that can be caused by pressure injuries (Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2015). Moreover, the health related quality of life of elderly patients is affected physically, socially, psychologically (Gorecki et al, 2009). It affects the healthcare professionalclient relationships, need for versus effect of interventions, impact on others, perceived etiology, and need for knowledge. Pressure injuries in elderly persons have also been related to the amplified mortality rates. Since pressure injuries are now reflected as an indicator of the quality of care provided, inability to avoid or rectify them may lead to litigation. Another major concern the author feels that need to be raised with pressure injuries is the prevention of pressure injuries. (FOnursing, page 1010). Development of clinical practices and guidelines to prevent hospital acquired pressure injuries should be based on most effective evidence based methods. Continued education of clinical practices and guidelines is necessary. Nurses must be educated to intervene positively in the process in order to prevent and treat pressure injuries. Research related to pressure injuries may lead to positive outcomes in pressure injury prevention and reduce the extra financial and labour burden on our health care system. References Doley, J., 2010. Nutrition Management of Pressure Ulcers. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 25(1), pp.5060. Gorecki, C. et al., 2009. Impact of Pressure Ulcers on Quality of Life in Older Patients: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(7), pp.11751183.

Coffee Wars In India Case MGT free essay sample

Struck offered customs r service that CDC trudged with and offered a new and exciting brand to younger customers. H forever, the 50% higher prices at Struck was a turnoff to younger customers who were very loyal the the CDC brand. The strategic issue of this case is how Cafe Coffee Day should manage its business strategy in order to compete with Struck entering the Indian coffee market Strategic Analysis Porters five forces of industry competition serve as an excellent tool for exam inning the industrialized competitive environment for CDC.Threat of new entrants is real vilely high as they have been faced by Struck, Costa, Lava, and more. They are however the market leaders in India and one of the largest exporters of coffee in the country. Lead ins to the rivalry among competitors in the industry which is medium, contingent to the .NET range of Struck. CDC currently has 40% of the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Coffee Wars In India Case MGT or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The bargaining power of sup pliers is low, as CDC produces its own coffee and therefore does not face any issue.

Like a Father free essay sample

The Saturday night air blows through the field, the cold breeze just grazing across my face. Chills jolt down my spine, raising the hair on my arms as the crowd continues to cheer. A voice is heard over the loud speaker, Drum major, is your band ready? signaling our cue to salute. The salute is crisp, clean, like a well oiled machine. I climb the podium ladder, each step feeling miles apart. This is the time. The next 8 minutes of my life will represent everything; 7 years, countless hours of practice, and the success of 250 others riding under my wing. I make eye contact with my director. He looks on confidently, yet with great understanding. He knows Im ready, he believes in me. Before I know it, were off. 56. 5 6 7 8. Ive never really been a head strong kind of kid. For as long as I remember, its been play now, work later. We will write a custom essay sample on Like a Father or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Life was a treat. Coasting through school classes on c average grades seemed to be the norm by the time I hit high school. By then, I was your typical ready-to-drop-out freshman, who was, well, ready to drop out. The only things keeping me were friends, parents, and the law. Along with the bare minimum classes on my schedule, I had elected to take band, mainly because I expected it to be an easy, blow-off class. But what I didnt know about the Westlake high school band was that it was notorious for being one of the best marching bands in the state of Texas. It was understood that in order achieve that reputation, long arduous work had to be put in from every member of the band. Understandably, I was terrified. I had coasted through school on the basis that the work I did didnt affect anyone other than me. Knowing that band was a cohesive unit, and that each member contributed to the overall success of the organization, I was going to have to change. Despite my determination to avoid the personal conversations with the directors concerning my lack of initiative to fight for the team, it proved itself unavoidable. The fruitless talks and deteriorating class grades didnt do the trick. I continued to trudge on, and on, and on, through the eternity that was two years of high school marching band. Though frowned upon, my inherent laziness worked, at least before. The upper class-men who had carried us through victory after victory for the past two years were now gone, and I suddenly found myself straining under the weight of all the high expectations. Despite the immense pressure, it wasnt enough to break the deeply embedded laziness that I had come to know and hate. To me, it wasnt worth fighting for. There was no reason in my mind that would justify my going above and beyond what was needed. I needed something more. I needed something that I couldnt find within myself. It was a Thursday morning. The frigid November air felt almost as dull as the morning marching routine that we somehow managed to call a rehearsal. We had just returned to the band hall where the melancholy atmosphere was finally beginning to lift as frozen fingers were melting back to life. Mr. Taylor stepped out of his office, pointed his arm in my direction, and drew me into his office with a stern curling of his index finger, the kind of motion that says you, here, now. Having never been in his office without leaving on the verge of tears, I began mentally preparing myself for the worst. The conversation began the same way as always. Though there was a different feel to it all. A sense of desperation began to appear in his voice, something Ive never heard before. He lectured me on the situation at hand before telling me exactly what I needed to hear. He told me that I will never know the true extent of my influence. He said I could be the difference between the well known and we ll hated 11th place finish at Bands of America, and a long desired first place title. I had the power to change lives, and he knew it. I walked out of that office not with tears, but with desire; desire to be what no one expected me to be. I wanted to be the change that the band needed, so that I could leave high school knowing that I not only changed those around me, but that I changed myself. We ended my junior year with our worst result yet. There was an irreparable gloom hanging over the band after receiving our 26th place result at BOA far worse than the 11th place that was previously considered unacceptable. The pain and frustration I felt was superseded only by the emptiness felt by the senior class. They had to face the fact that all the hard work they put into band culminated into embarrassment and disappointment. That would not be my fate. My legacy wasnt going to be 26th place. My legacy would be here, now, on this Saturday night. It would be all those years of hard work flashing before the eyes of the 250 others riding under my wing while the results are being announced. It would be 7 years of dedication paying off in the last eight minutes. It would be doing what no one thought I could do. My legacy would be my director knowing he made the right choice as I step down from the podium at UIL State Finals.